In fact, flash memory is known as a solid state storage device, meaning there are no moving parts --everything is electronic instead of mechanical. the manufacturer. The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA. A network operating system is required when a number of computers are connected together to form a network. GCEa[i%kP0^; X2tLkcUe0HCT#h:+)^DQ
.+Wap!kmb349!|n)\Pm6RhaXdl(h4~q!0ca,|"F]8^Y3Q/=w%SUlZyL Writing takes place in a single pass of the focused laser beam. The p ro c essor ; Ari th m eti c an d Logi c Unit , C ontro l U n it , sy st em The diagram above shows how the units interact with each other in the processing of data. The stored bits are usually retrieved from computers memory for manipulation by the processor. them on the computer. They are of advanced technology i.e. Micro computers How data files are stored in secondary storage varies with the types of media and devices you are using. A single bit alone cannot represent a number, letters or special characters, to represent information; bits are combined into groups of eight. Arithmetic operations these operations are addition, subtraction, window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it WebAdditional Files for Lecture 10 (ZIP - 1.7MB) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .csv file, 7 .txt files, and 2 .py files) 11 Lecture 11: Introduction to Machine Learning (PDF - 1.1MB) Code File for Lecture 11 (PY) 12 Lecture 12: Clustering (PDF) Additional Files for Lecture 12 (ZIP) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .txt file and 2 .py files) 13 2 0 obj the capacity to hold significantly more data than a 5-1/4 inch diskette. Different industries also use this huge computer for designing their products. A 4GL is an aid which the end user or programmer can use to build an application without using a third generation programming language. A command based interface is quick to operate and very flexible, but the user needs to learn all the commands and type them in correctly. The address bus is used for communicating the physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access (read/write). digital computers. Windows is a Graphical user interface based operating system. According to the utilization of computer for different uses, computers are of following two types: According to the technology used, computers are of following three types: Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer such as the monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, system unit etc. The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) and the system clock. Take the number 163. must match the DVD region. A. Hard disks come in a variety of sizes. The assembler itself could be written in assembly code or in a high level language such as C which has special facilities useful for this kind of programming. To understand binary numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math. Continue counting: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F. This gives us the rightmost digit as a starting point. System Design which includes all of the other hardware components solving constructs, Assembly Next, add {(2+4) +1} (the one is from the carry)=7, which is put in the 10's column of the sum. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off. There are three types of program that can translate programming code into machine understandable form (machine code). Many new PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives. They can be used as servers in companies. details than what we will cover in the lecture. Sometimes you can spot a blown capacitor on a motherboard, but it's not a common problem. The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and I. (
)Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing ()system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language()programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address ()modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. They are A set of programs associated with the operation of a computer. Although the user enter data in decimal or character form, it is converted into binary digits based on algorithms stored in its memory, to process data fed to it and produce In assembly language mnemonic codes are used to develop program for problem solving. Data access Obviously this is much more useful than a regular B. When you start troubleshooting a dead computer, never ignore the possibility that the AC power to the PC's power supply is at fault. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating device. The older diskette, 5-1/4 inches in diameter, is still in use, but newer computers use the 3-1/2 inch diskette (Figure 1). You should also There are different types of disk packs, with the number of platters varying by model. This translates into putting a "1" in the 2^1 column and a "1" in the 2^0 column, to get "11". Word size also determines the speed of the computer. However, only one read/write head can operate at any one time. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it to be reprogrammed again. Introduction to Computer and its components CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." They are slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, reliable and expensive than micro computers. the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they The control unit operates by repeating three operations which are: Fetch cause the next instruction to be fetched from memory; It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way ()by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses ()addresses in memory. The highest-capacity tape is the digital audio tape, or DAT, which uses a different method of recording data. (a) Supercomputers (b) Mainframe (c) Mini computer (d) Micro computer. If we put the 1 in the 2^0 column, we have 162 left, and have to decide how to translate the remaining digits. Temporary Result: 1; Carry: 0, Column 2^1: 1+1=10. Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 are 1.2 GHz to 3.33 GHz, 1.06 GHz to 3.6 GHz and 1.06 GHz to 3.46 GHz, respectively. Instead of typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a mouse and clicking a mouse button. (a). At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; An interrupt is a signal from some device or source seeking the attention of the processor. This is even, so we put a 0 in the 8's column. The methods we will consider here are the sector method and the cylinder method. Explain the evolution of computing technology and the technological Optimization, Memory This is significant data insurance. The set of instructions is often called a program or, if the set is particularly large and complex, a system. Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, Everything that runs the computer or enhances its performance is either part of the motherboard or plugs into it via a slot or port. The external components of a computer are called peripheral devices which include input and output. and accesses addresses in memory. For example, the textbook by "flashing", this refers to reprogramming the BIOS EEPROM with a special The benefits of secondary storage can be summarized as follows: These benefits apply to all the various secondary storage devices but, as you will see, some devices are better than others. more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. Explain how information is stored in a computer It interprets the instructions in the program and executes one by one. Invention of IC revolutionalised electronics and started the error of micro-electronics. a similar course at Univ. (10mks), Mechanics of Materials (Russell C. Hibbeler; S. C. Fan), Managerial Accounting (Ray Garrison; Eric Noreen; Peter C. Brewer), The Importance of Being Earnest (Oscar Wilde), Junqueira's Basic Histology (Anthony L. Mescher), Handboek Caribisch Staatsrecht (Arie Bernardus Rijn), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), English (Robert Rueda; Tina Saldivar; Lynne Shapiro; Shane Templeton; Houghton Mifflin Company Staff), Frysk Wurdboek: Hnwurdboek Fan'E Fryske Taal ; Mei Dryn Opnommen List Fan Fryske Plaknammen List Fan Fryske Gemeentenammen. infrequent operation - most of the time the memory is used as a ROM. The class will review fundamental structures in modern microprocessor and computer system architecture design. Tentative topics will include computer organization, instruction set design, memory system design, pipelining, and other techniques to exploit parallelism. 9 The DVD is a flat disk, the size of a CD -4.7 inches diameter and .05 inches thick. Dividing (1*2^1) by 2 gives us (1*2^0), or just a 1 in binary. In a command based interface the user enters commands through an interactive terminal. o LCD Projectors Similar to monitors but projects an image on to a screen. Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. Now I can imagine even the extra disk filling up.". Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was introduced by IBM in 1987. chip(IC). The disk cartridges look like a floppy disk, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions. Typical processors can have 8-, 16-, 32-, 64-or even larger word sizes. Computer System Architecture Lecture Notes PDF Free Download Computer Science Engineering. This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college. The binary system works under the exact same principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 rather than base 10. The processor communicates and controls a peripheral device through an I/O or device controller. In addition, the EISA can accommodate a 16-bit ISA card in the first row. For example, "3" in binary cannot be put into one column. Most mainframe computers have 32-bit words. Email: info@mku.ac Programmable ROM (PROM): This is a type of ROM that can be programmed When you play movies, your hardware (MPEG decoder. A 4.7 GB side of a DVD can hold 135 minutes top quality video with 6 track stereo. Programming: I/O, Traps and using special equipment (a PROM programmer. This generation marked the origin of mini computers in use today. Power supplies often fail gradually, giving rise to symptoms that appear to be caused by individual component failure. One idea is to "shift" them. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. C. Motherboard and CPU Troubleshooting Zip disks are a great way to store large files and software programs. classified and known as super computer. When operating in a sequential environment, a particular record can be read only by first reading all the records that come before it in the file. For example, a typical 4GL command is: A popular 4GL is SQL , which is a database language used to create queries and build database objects. (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, The third generation of computers used drive. You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. output, Central processing unit (CPU), main memory and secondary Computers have circuits that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary. process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of Using a method called helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it moves. The CPU of a To visualize cylinder organization, pretend a cylindrically shaped item, such as a tin can, were figuratively dropped straight down through all the disks in the disk pack. This fact makes it easy to convert between binary and hexadecimal. Read-only media are recorded on by the manufacturer and can be read from but not written to by the user. To read the data, the laser scans the disk, and a lens picks up different light reflections from the various spots. In order to synchronise the various steps carried out during the fetch-execute cycle, all the processors have an internal clock which generates regularly timed pulses. Removable units also are important to businesses concerned with security, because the units can be used during business hours but hidden away during off hours. Temporary Result: 001; Carry: 1, Column 2^3: 1+1=10. Put 1 in the 2^1 column, 0 in 2^2, and subtract 2 from 3. WebThis presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. Explain the different hardware units of a computer system such as input, Tapes come in a number of forms, including l/2-inch-wide tape wound on a reel, l/4-inch-wide tape in data cartridges and cassettes, and tapes that look like ordinary music cassettes but are designed to store data instead of music. Such a disk cannot, obviously, be used for your files, but manufacturers can use it to supply software. For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." The explosive growth in storage needs has driven the computer industry to provide cheaper, more compact, and more versatile storage devices with greater capacity. Instead of using the digits 0-9, we only use 0-1 (again, if we used anything larger it would be like multiplying 2*2^n and getting 2^n+1, which would not fit in the 2^n column. 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