why is cytochrome b used for species determination

Recent estimates of the number of species range from 10 to 100 million (Wilson 1998). Cytochrome b is one of 11 components of a group of proteins called complex III. Lee JC, Tsai LC, Liao SP, Linacre A, Hsieh HM.  |  There are many methods for amplifying sequences common to multiple species using universal primers, such as the amplification of mitochondrial rDNA [9, 10], cytochrome b [11, 12], cytochrome oxidase I [13, 14], myoglobin , or the D-loop region [16,17,18,19,20] and subsequent identification using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. It is considered to be most useful in determining relationships within families and genera. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a detection method of WBM contamination. See also cellular respiration. 2020 Aug 25;14(8):e0008573. To study the importance of this residue in the quinol oxidation catalyzed by the bc 1 complex, we characterized four yeast mutants with arginine, lysine, threonine, and serine at position 142. 2017 Jan 12;12(1):e0167915. Species determination by analysis of the cytochrome b gene. mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes). The cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been used in species identification,,,, and in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. Epub 2012 Jul 27. Hemoproteins are proteins linked to a nonprotein, iron-bearing component. 2013 Apr;20(3):174-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2012.06.014. Identification of the species present is required to determine that the trade is illegal and contrary to national legislation. This broad range of estimates exacerbates the difficulty in making accurate decisions concerning which populations have acquired reproductive isolation and maintain integrity of their respective gene pools. Forensic Sci Int Genet. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167915. In this study, we discuss the extent of the use of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for species identification, comparing external morphology identification with a molecular phylogenetic classification based on this marker, under the light of current bat systematics. It encodes the β‐chain of flavocytochrome b 245 (also called as gp91 phox or NOX2). An appropriate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction technique is required to obtain at least 10 ng of DNA. Meat samples from cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, chicken and horse were utilized for molecular analysis of each species as per standard method. The high copy number of mtDNA compared to nuclear DNA makes this locus ideal for analysis from highly degraded DNA. Abstract. Methods Mol Biol. The vertebrate prepronociceptin gene (PNOC) was also tested in this field. Parasit Vectors. Pathogenic Leptospira Species in Insectivorous Bats, China, 2015. The results of these analyses parallel and reinforce some of the principal trends in genetic distance estimates derived from … Because adulteration of the drug with substances from other animals such as horses, cattle, and pigs has been found, we examined PCR methods based on the sequence of the cytochrome bgene for source species identification. HHS Babesia vesperuginis in insectivorous bats from China. Soman M, Paul RJ, Antony M, Padinjarattath Sasidharan S. J Food Sci Technol. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The identification of elephant ivory evidences of illegal trade with mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and hypervariable D-loop region. 2017 Dec;64(8):636-646. doi: 10.1111/zph.12358. Identification of the species is required to determine that a crime has been committed. CITES; Cytochrome b; DNA; Mitochondria; Species identification; Wildlife. Epub 2010 Jun 5. Cytochrome b is commonly used as a region of mitochondrial DNA for determining phylogenetic relationships between organisms, due to its sequence variability. Journal of Food Science and Technology, Vol. DNA typing in wildlife crime: recent developments in species identification. The cytochrome b gene has been used in numerous studies of phylogenetic relationships within mammals, and it is the gene for which the most sequence information from different mammalian species is available (Irwin, Kocher, and Wilson 1991 ; Meyer 1994 ; Johns and Avise 1998 ). The cytochrome b (cyt b) gene is one of the most commonly used genetic loci, applied in both taxonomy and forensic science, for the purpose of species identification. Identification of the species present is required to determine that the trade is illegal and contrary to national legislation. Cytochrome, any of a group of hemoprotein cell components that, by readily undergoing reduction and oxidation (gain and loss of electrons) with the aid of enzymes, serve a vital function in the transfer of energy within cells. Identification of the species present is required to determine that the trade is illegal and contrary to national legislation. eCollection 2017. Multilocus sequence typing reveals diverse known and novel genotypes of Leptospira spp. Species determination by analysis of the cytochrome b gene. In this study, we present the results of the analysis of a 127 bp long fragment of MT-CYB, amplified using universal primers, variable enough to be used for species identification and discrimination, even in highly degraded animal samples. PLoS One.  |  By mixing 7 backward primers in the appropriate ratios species-specific DNA fragments could 2018 Jan;32:33-39. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.10.003. Han HJ, Wen HL, Zhao L, Liu JW, Luo LM, Zhou CM, Qin XR, Zhu YL, Liu MM, Qi R, Li WQ, Yu H, Yu XJ. The use of molecular markers can enhance species identification, and acquires particular relevance in capture-release studies. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! This chapter details a robust DNA technique using part of the cytochrome b gene on the mitochondrial genome that will work on poor quality samples such as powdered horn or ivory products including statues and carvings. The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene has been used in phylogenetic as well as in forensic investigations [10–12] and has been shown in a variety of studies to be a very useful DNA-region for species determination [13–18] However, before applicable for routine analysis, species-specific diagnostic polymorphisms or mutations must be determined. Further, the CYBB (cytochrome b‐254 beta‐chain) gene (OMIM #300481) is situated on the short arm of the X chromosome at position 21.1, containing 13 exons and spanning 30 kb. A prerequisite for reliable detection of low-density Plasmodium infections in malaria pre-elimination settings is the availability of ultra-sensitive and high-throughput molecular tools. Identification of the species is required to determine that a crime has been committed. Such decisions are rarely accompanied with all sufficient biological information concerning ≥2 putative species (i.e., sympa… The cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene, in particular, has been used in the investigation of systematic relationships among mammals and is suitable for bovid species. The species is the primary unit of concern in biodiversity, conservation, and other biological issues. This chapter details a robust DNA technique using part of the cytochrome b gene on the mitochondrial genome that will work on poor quality samples such as powdered horn or ivory products including statues and carvings. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008573. This produces a fragment of 486 bp in size which can be sequenced using standard technologies. Johns and Avise (1998) employed approximately 2000 cytochrome b gene sequences from GenBank to calculate and compare levels of genetic distance between sister species, congeneric species, and confamilial genera within and across the major vertebrate taxonomic classes. 12, p. 4060. Epub 2017 Oct 7. Trp-142 is a highly conserved residue of the cytochrome b subunit in the bc 1 complexes.  |  Forensic Sci Med Pathol. Multiplex PCR was used to screen for DNA of 10 mammalian species with species-specific primers that anneal to regions of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Detection of novel adenoviruses in fecal specimens from rodents and shrews in southern China. To date, studies on host preferences and blood meal identification have been conducted for Culicoides species using molecular-based methods such as PCR techniques to amplify only a fragment from universal vertebrate mitochondrial genes such as cytochrome c oxidase subunit I or cytochrome b (Cyt b). Han HJ, Wen HL, Zhao L, Liu JW, Luo LM, Zhou CM, Qin XR, Zhu YL, Zheng XX, Yu XJ. 2018 Jan;163(1):73-88. doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3570-3. Species determination: the role and use of the cytochrome b gene. Other articles where Cytochrome c is discussed: cytochrome: …letters and numbers, such as cytochrome a3, cytochrome c, and cytochrome B562. Specific PCR, amplifying a fragment of the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b gene, are developed for discrimination of chicken, turkey, pig, cow and sheep. Would you like email updates of new search results? NLM To get sufficiently accurate estimates, we used only species for which the complete cytochrome b was available (data set 1, 89 species). COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Composition of gut and oropharynx bacterial communities in Rattus norvegicus and Suncus murinus in China. Application of Mitochondrial DNA Technologies in Wildlife Investigation - Species Identification. We developed a SYBR Green real-time PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (cytb-qPCR) targeting the cytochrome b gene of the four major human Plasmodium species (P. The aim of the study was to identify biological specimens from diverse vertebrate animals by extracting and amplifying DNA from 44 different animal species covering the 5 major vertebrate groups (i.e. phylogenetic studies (Md-Zain et al., 2008, 2010a,b; Lim et al., 2010). The objective of this study was to employ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis using species specific primer (SSP) targeting on wild boar mitochondrial cytochrome-b (CYTBWB2-wb) gene for the identification of WBM in a meatball. Methods Mol Biol. Cytochrome b gene was amplified by multiplex PCR using a common forward primer. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. ), goat (Capra hircus) and bison (Bison bison). Epub 2008 Nov 28. in R. norvegicus has no similarity with the cytochrome b gene from six other species, so it can be used as molecular markers to detect the presence of rat meat contamination in the processed of meat products. The sequence variability of cytochrome b makes it most useful for the comparison of species in the same genus or the same family. The presence of DNA from one or more species not declared on the label was identified in all 21 diets: cow (Bos taurus), pig (Sus scrofa), sheep (Ovis sp. Han HJ, Wen HL, Liu JW, Qin XR, Zhao M, Wang LJ, Luo LM, Zhou CM, Zhu YL, Qi R, Li WQ, Yu H, Yu XJ. Detecting mislabelling in meat products using PCR-FINS. The present study is focused on the use of multiplex PCR and the reliability of cytochrome b gene variability in rapid detection and identification of meat species. Analyses of the data should lead to confident species identification. Lee EJ, Lee YH, Moon SH, Kim NY, Kim SH, Yang MS, Choi DH, Han MS. J Forensic Leg Med. Virus Genes. Would you like email updates of new search results? 2020 Nov;57(11):4286-4292. doi: 10.1007/s13197-020-04641-w. Epub 2020 Jul 18. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. NIH Zoonoses Public Health. HHS However, handling of amplified DNA for diagnosis and identification increased the risk of carryover and, therefore, the risk of false-positive results. First, manual and automated DNA extractions were compared and automated DNA extraction of 400 μl of blood was found to be more efficient. Emerg Infect Dis. Han HJ, Liu JW, Wen HL, Qin XR, Zhao M, Wang LJ, Zhou CM, Qi R, Yu H, Yu XJ. We describe protocols using a direct sequencing method based on 212−274-bp diagnostic sequences derived from species-specific mitochondria DNA cytochrome b, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences which can efficiently be applied to unambiguously determine even closely related fish species in processed food products labeled “anchovy”. The results obtained in many of the phylogenetic studies in which this gene has been use… Zheng XY, Qiu M, Ke XM, Guan WJ, Li JM, Huo ST, Chen SW, Zhong XS, Zhou W, Xiong YQ, Ge J, Chen Q. cytochrome b gene variability. Many large mammalian species are on the verge of extinction in part because of the trade in their skin, bone, horn, or body parts for supposed medicinal purposes. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. NLM Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), especially the gene for cytochrome b (MT-CYB), has been found to be highly informative for species identification. Keywords: Fast-evolving regions such as the "D-loop" might be used for studying closely related species while slowly-evolving regions such as cytochrome b (CYTB) and cytochrome oxidase I (COX1) might be used for distantly related species. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2010 Sep;6(3):195-206. doi: 10.1007/s12024-010-9168-7. 2009 Mar;3(2):67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.10.005. Species identification using the cytochrome b gene of commercial turtle shells. For sex determination, primers were initially tested on DNA obtained from blood. There are different rates of change in different gene regions. Species Determination: The Role and Use of the Cytochrome b Gene. He WQ, Xiong YQ, Ge J, Chen YX, Chen XJ, Zhong XS, Ou ZJ, Gao YH, Cheng MJ, Mo Y, Wen YQ, Qiu M, Huo ST, Chen SW, Zheng XY, He H, Li YZ, You FF, Zhang MY, Chen Q. BMC Vet Res. 2020 Oct 20;82(10):1464-1471. doi: 10.1292/jvms.19-0530. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Epub 2010 Jun 5. Viral metagenomics of six bat species in close contact with humans in southern China. Direct sequencing of the PCR products allows comparison of the DNA sequence at this locus to those already described on the EMBL DNA database. USA.gov. 2018 May 29;11(1):317. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2902-9. This is due to the higher variation of the Cyt b gene as compared to Karunanayake L, Gamage CD, Gunasekara CP, De Silva S, Izumiya H, Morita M, Muthusinghe DS, Yoshimatsu K, Niloofa R, Karunanayake P, Uluwattage W, Ohnishi M, Koizumi N. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Multiplex PCR, in which many primers were used together for amplification of multiple target regions, is a hopeful technique for meat species identification. Many large mammalian species are on the verge of extinction in part because of the trade in their skin, bone, horn, or body parts for supposed medicinal purposes. eCollection 2020 Aug. Zheng XY, Qiu M, Guan WJ, Li JM, Chen SW, Cheng MJ, Huo ST, Chen Z, Wu Y, Jiang LN, Chen Q. Arch Virol. Novel Bartonella Species in Insectivorous Bats, Northern China. A nuclear DNA-based species determination and DNA quantification assay for common poultry species. This chapter details a robust DNA technique using part of the cytochrome b gene on the mitochondrial genome that will work on poor-quality samples such as powdered horn. Asini Corii Collas (ACC; donkey glue) is a crude drug used to promote hematopoiesis and arrest bleeding. NIH Application of Mitochondrial DNA Technologies in Wildlife Investigation - Species Identification. This site needs JavaScript to work properly.  |  Species identification was carried out by nucleotide sequence analysis of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Even if sequences for many species are … 2010 Sep;6(3):195-206. doi: 10.1007/s12024-010-9168-7. Forensic Sci Med Pathol.  |  J Vet Med Sci. This protein plays a key role in structures called mitochondria, which convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use. These iconic high profile species are one part of the illegal trade in wildlife products that threatens these species and the ecological balance in the habitats in which they live. PCR-based screening and phylogenetic analysis of rat pegivirus (RPgV) carried by rodents in China. The cytochrome complex, or cyt c, is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.It belongs to the cytochrome c family of proteins and plays a major role in cell apoptosis. Amplification of part of the cytochrome b gene using universal primers produces a fragment of approx 486 bp in size. Epub 2017 Apr 1. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. DNA typing in wildlife crime: recent developments in species identification. Epub 2020 Jul 24. Ewart KM, Frankham GJ, McEwing R, Webster LMI, Ciavaglia SA, Linacre AMT, The DT, Ovouthan K, Johnson RN. Epub 2016 Mar 15. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes, and is an essential component of the electron transport chain, where it carries one electron. Sequence typing reveals diverse known and novel genotypes of Leptospira spp gut and oropharynx bacterial communities in Rattus and... Md-Zain et al., 2010 ) reveals diverse known and novel genotypes of spp. Prerequisite for reliable detection of low-density Plasmodium infections in malaria pre-elimination settings is the most stable and abundant of. You like email updates of new Search results and hypervariable D-loop region Dec ; 64 ( ). Complete set of features with humans in southern China trp-142 is a drug!, Northern China in southern China gene ( PNOC ) was also tested in this field of illegal with... 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With humans in southern China novel adenoviruses in fecal specimens from rodents shrews! Pcr using a common forward primer of cytochrome b gene bc 1 complexes, and several other advanced are. Oropharynx bacterial communities in Rattus norvegicus and Suncus murinus in China populations worldwide this a. 245 ( also called as gp91 phox or NOX2 ) Wildlife trade and... Million ( Wilson 1998 ) illegal Wildlife trade glue ) is a crude drug used to promote hematopoiesis and bleeding! Circoviruses in Insectivorous Bats, Northern China on suspected seized rhinoceros horn in the bc complexes! M, Paul RJ, Antony why is cytochrome b used for species determination, Paul RJ, Antony,...