Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. When confronted with the question "How often do you masturbate?," for example, respondents may be pressured by the societal taboo against masturbation, and either under-report the frequency or avoid answering the question. In a much less well-known theoretical development of causes for social desirability bias, Schaeffer (2000) and, independently, Holgraves (2004) discuss heuristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 754 - 775 . Read the text in the blue box to interpret your score. The unmatched-count technique asks respondents to indicate how many of a list of several items they have done or are true for them. The respondents will choose socially acceptable answers or politically correct responses. If the latter is true, social desirability may have important health implications, and underlying mechanisms must be described. (2)Department of Physiology, Medical … Social Desirability Bias is a form of response bias in which people prefer to answer questions about how their responses will be interpreted by others rather than reply truthfully. the respondent may be influenced by the fact that controlled substances, including the more commonly used marijuana, are generally illegal. Topics where socially desirable responding (SDR) is of special concern are self-reports of abilities, personality, sexual behavior, and drug use. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.022. On a few occasions, I have given … [15] This forty-item instrument provides separate subscales for "impression management," the tendency to give inflated self-descriptions to an audience; and self-deceptive enhancement, the tendency to give honest but inflated self-descriptions. (Eds. (1991). [19], Anonymous survey administration, compared with in-person or phone-based administration, has been shown to elicit higher reporting of items with social-desirability bias. In social science research, social-desirability bias is a type of response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. Differences in the total number of items between the two groups indicate how many of those in the group receiving the sensitive item said yes to it. ► Students rated themselves and other individuals on personality items. The efficacy of the face-saving response items in 19 different contexts", "A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology", "The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17)", "The nominative technique: a new method of estimating heroin prevalence", "Best-Friend Reports: A Tool for Measuring the Prevalence of Sensitive Behaviors", Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social-desirability_bias&oldid=992112847, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Self-reported personality traits will correlate strongly with social desirability bias, Compliance with medicinal-dosing schedules, often inflated, Intellectual achievements, often inflated, Physical appearance, either inflated or deflated, Indicators of charity or "benevolence," often inflated, This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 15:46. [28] For example, a participant will be asked whether their birth year is even and whether they have performed an illegal activity; if yes to both or no to both, to select A, and if yes to one but no to the other, select B. In the field of Psychology, social desirability has also been understood as a confounding variable in the performance of psychometric tests (questionnaires, for example), consisting of the shaping of the answers offered by the evaluator in order to adopt a … In 1953, Allen L. Edwards introduced the notion of social desirability to psychology, demonstrating the role of social desirability in the measurement of personality traits. 1. Social desirability can affect the validity of experimental and survey research findings, but procedures such as the use of forced-choice items and proxy subjects can be effective in preventing or reducing social desirability bias (2). Crowne and Marlowe (1960) developed a seminal scale to identify the extent to which i… It is well documented that survey respondents often like to give answers that will make them look better. In some cases the entire questionnaire package from high scoring respondents may simply be discarded. [22] For example, respondents secretly throw a coin and respond "yes" if it comes up heads (regardless of their actual response to the question), and are instructed to respond truthfully if it comes up tails. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Social desirability, personality questionnaires, and the “better than average” effect. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Research shows that the validity of the randomized response technique is limited.[23]. Author information: (1)Department of Physiology, MKCG Medical College, Ganjam, Odisha, India. [1][21] Audio-assisted electronic surveys have also been established for low-literacy or non-literate study subjects. A separate SDR measure must be administered together with the primary measure (test or interview) aimed at the subject matter of the research/investigation.The key assumption is that respondents who answer in a socially desirable manner on that scale are also responding desirably to all self-reports throughout the study. Mode of Survey If the questions are sensitive, emphasis on anonymity and removing the presence of the researcher can reduce bias. When a social desirability scale is added to a survey, significant correlations between the social desirability scale and other survey questions indicate the presence of social desirability bias due to respondents' desire to answer in socially desirable ways. A Children's Social Desirability (CSD) questionnaire was constructed and administered to 956 Ss in Grades 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12. In a nutshell, response bias is a bias that the respondent brings to the … Social Desirability Bias definition. [29], Bogus-pipeline techniques are those in which a participant believes that an objective test, like a lie detector, will be used along with survey response, whether or not that test or procedure is actually used.[1]. ► They did not show the same pattern when rating “other people in general.” ► Conclusion: Personality self-ratings reflect the “better than average” effect. One of the most used instruments for measuring social desirability is the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS; Crowne & Marlowe, 1960). Beyond specific techniques, social-desirability bias may be reduced by neutral question and prompt wording. A second category comprises seven methods to prevent or reduce social desirability bias, including the use of forced‐choice items, the randomized response technique, the bogus pipeline, self‐administration of the questionnaire, the selection of interviewers, and the use of proxy subjects. Data that can be placed into a category is called nominal data. Two components of social desir-ability-"trait desirability" and "need for social … [13] The original version comprised 33 True-False items. Directions: Read each item and decide whether it is true (T) or false (F) for you. It is well established that respondents are much more likely to rate themselves highly on personality questionnaire items with high social desirability (SD) than on items with low SD. nuns versus criminals). [1] It can take the form of over-reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad", or undesirable behavior. minor exception, the questionnaires were all distributed on "Sabbath" morning, just prior to the "Divine Hour," or main church service. (1993). The nominative technique asks a participant about the behavior of their close friends, rather than about their own behavior. In fact, the bias may operate in opposite directions for different subgroups: Whereas men tend to inflate the numbers, women tend to underestimate theirs. So when we a… Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 562-566. Offering anonymity on self-administered questionnaires should further reduce social pressure, and thus may likewise reduce social desirability bias. Alternatively, respondents' answers on the primary questionnaires may be statistically adjusted commensurate with their SDR tendencies. Research shows that the validity of the crosswise model is limited. Social desirability, personality questionnaires, and the “better than average” effect Author links open overlay panel Cynthia A. Pedregon a Roberta L. Farley a Allison Davis a James M. Wood a Russell D. Clark b Social desirability is the tendency of some respondents to report an answer in a way they deem to be more socially acceptable than would be their "true" answer. Such methods may include the wording and prefacing of questions, clearly defining … These findings suggest that social desirability bias is associated with key health measures and that the associations are not primarily due to … It is sometimes hard for me to go on with my work if I am not encouraged. In the field of Psychology, social desirability has also been understood as a confounding variable in the performance of psychometric tests (questionnaires, for example), consisting of the shaping of the answers offered by the evaluator in order to adopt a … Because self-consciousnessis normally seen as a fixed trait rather than as malleable (Fenigstein, Scheier, Two hundred and fifty-five questionnaires … ), "Novel approaches to estimating abortion incidence", "How to survey about electoral turnout? The respondents will choose socially acceptable answers or politically correct responses. Social Desirability Bias is a form of response bias in which people prefer to answer questions about how their responses will be interpreted by others rather than reply truthfully. The Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC–SDS) is a 33-item self-report questionnaire that assesses whether or not respondents are concerned with social approval. CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DESIRABILITY QUESTIONNAIRE 29 such an undeviating socially desirable attitude or behavior. The pos- Until the 1990s, the most commonly used measure of socially desirable responding was the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale. A social desirability scale can be useful for studies that do not control for social desirability bias through overall design, or in order to provide extra evidence that social desirability bias was not a large factor in the results obtained. Social desirability 6 behaviour would be afforded by using a repeated measures design, with the same participants completing the questionnaire in both public and private settings. [14], In 1991, Delroy L. Paulhus published the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR): a questionnaire designed to measure two forms of SDR. By combining sensitive and non-sensitive questions, the participant's response to the sensitive item is masked. 2. When asking about topics that are susceptible to social judgments the use self-administered questionnaires (either on the web or in paper form) may be more appropriate than a telephone or face-to-face survey. Impression management, social desirability, and computer administration of attitude questionnaires: Does the computer make a difference? Social desirability bias: A confounding factor to consider in survey by self-administered questionnaire. for '1' or '7' on 7-point scales. A heuristic process refers to a cognitive process that is [26] Respondents are randomized to receive either a list of non-sensitive items or that same list plus the sensitive item of interest. "Acquiescence" (ARS) is the tendency to respond to items with agreement/affirmation independent of their content ("yea"-saying). The category can be restricted to as few as two options, i.e., dichotomous (e.g., 'yes' or 'no,' 'male' or 'female'), or include quite complex lists of alternatives from which the respondent can choose (e.g., polytomous).Closed questions can also provide ordinal data (which can be ranked). Author information: (1)Department of Physiology, MKCG Medical College, Ganjam, Odisha, India. The MC–SDS has been listed in more than 1,000 articles and dissertations. In the field of psychology and social sciences, social desirability is defined as the disturbance coming into play in a study or research, when the subject being interviewed or answering a questionnaire can choose an answer which is viewed as more socially acceptable than the other ones: this makes sure that people try to behave idealistically, that is, they tend to appear as "normal" as possible, i.e. One group of participants rated themselves, a second group rated their family and friends, a third rated “people in general,” and a fourth rated the items’ SD. Most prior studies of social desirability biases in survey reporting rely on the researchers’ judgments about which items are sensitive (although see Bradburn, Sudman, and Associates 1979, and Holbrook, Green, and Krosnick 2003, for two exceptions). After all, people actually differ in the degree to which they possess desirable traits (e.g. Its converse, 'moderacy bias' entails a preference for middle-range (or midpoint) responses (e.g. For total energy, this bias equalled about 50 kcal/point on the social desirability scale or about 450 kcal over its interquartile range. (1993). Such attempts to “look good to others” can compromise the validity of research, particularly research with participants who know they are being studied. Because self-consciousnessis normally seen as a fixed trait rather than as malleable (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975), it should not be affected by whether the "I only smoke marijuana when my friends are around." It was found that mean SD ratings of personality items were highly correlated with mean self-ratings and with mean ratings of family and friends for the same items (all rs > .800), but not with mean ratings of “people in general.” In other words, participants strongly tended to rate themselves, their family, and their friends as high on socially desirable qualities, but this tendency did not extend to ratings of people in general. A meta-analytic study of social desirability distortion in computer-administered questionnaires, traditional questionnaires, and interview. [24] Participants are asked how many close friends they know have done for certain a sensitive behavior and how many other people they think know about that behavior. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Word Choice Wording questions in ways that avoid influence on responses is extremely important and often overlooked by non-professional researchers. Read each item and decide whether the statement is True or False as it pertains to you personally. Some Effects of "Social Desirability" in Survey Studies' Derek L. Phillips University of Amsterdam Kevin J. Clancy University of Pennsylvania This paper is concerned with social desirability as a source of bias and invalidity in survey studies. The grouped-answer method, also known as the two-card or three-card method, combines answer choices such that the sensitive response is combined with at least one non-sensitive response option. These kinds of response styles differ from social-desirability bias in that they are unrelated to the question's content and may be present in both socially neutral and in socially favorable or unfavorable contexts, whereas SDR is, by definition, tied to the latter. Click Reset to take the Self-Assessment again. The major concern with SDR scales is that they confound style with content. They tend to exaggerate or inflate their strengths and achievements, and often deny or trivialize their deficiencies and failures. In his first demonstration of this pattern, the correlation between one group of college students’ social desirability ratings of a set of trait… Frequently viewed as a response bias, social desirability is often associated with self-report questionnaires; … More than 55 years ago, Edwards (1953) discovered that the endorsement rate of a personality questionnaire item can be predicted with impressive accuracy (r > .80) from the item’s social desirability (SD). [1][22], Confidentiality can be established in non-anonymous settings by ensuring that only study staff are present and by maintaining data confidentiality after surveys are complete. Population estimates of behaviors can be derived from the response. In other words, do these self-descriptions describe personality traits or social desirability? The fact that people differ in their tendency to engage in socially desirable responding (SDR) is a special concern to those measuring individual differences with self-reports. The commercial version of the BIDR called "Paulhus Deception Scales (PDS). Social desirability bias: A confounding factor to consider in survey by self-administered questionnaire. You can complete the Social-Desir- ability Scale devised by Crowne and Marlowe to gain insight into whether you have a tendency to produce socially desirable responses. When SDR cannot be eliminated, researchers may resort to evaluating the tendency and then control for it. [20] Complex question techniques may reduce social-desirability bias, but may also be confusing or misunderstood by respondents. 3. The scale was created by Douglas P. Crowne and David Marlowe in 1960 in an effort to measure social desirability bias, which is considered one of the most common biases affecting survey research. Sources: (1) Fisher, R. J. T 10. The present study examined the relationship between social desirability response bias and self-reports of mental health, substance use, and social network factors among a community sample of inner-city substance users. I sometimes feel resentful when I don’t get my way. Sources: (1) Fisher, R. J. The bias can also influence reports of number of sexual partners. A shortened version, the Strahan–Gerbasi only comprises ten items, but some have raised questions regarding the reliability of this measure. [10], Edwards subsequently developed the first Social Desirability Scale, a set of 39, true-false questions extracted from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), questions that judges could, with high agreement, order according to their social desirability. In either case, the mean reports from both groups are likely to be distorted by social desirability bias. Several techniques have been established to reduce bias when asking questions sensitive to social desirability. Methods are needed to reduce social desirability bias. In linear regression analysis, social desirability score produced a large downward bias in nutrient estimation in the 7DDR relative to the 24HR. These results support the conclusion that respondents’ personality ratings of themselves, their family and friends, but not of people in general, are influenced by the form of self-serving bias known as the “better than average effect.”. Some Effects of "Social Desirability" in Survey Studies' Derek L. Phillips University of Amsterdam Kevin J. Clancy University of Pennsylvania This paper is concerned with social desirability as a source of bias and invalidity in survey studies. This bias interferes with the interpretation of average tendencies as well as individual differences. By bias, we mean that the respondents are not giving answers that reflect their true views – for whatever reason. That is, the more the item is seen as describing a socially desirable quality, the more likely respondents are to endorse the item as true of themselves. This study examines if there is social desirability bias with respect to self-reported condom use behavior, assesses the reliability of a self-reported condom use scale, and validates the self-reported findings with clinical sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis for … We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. [1], The randomized response technique asks a participant to respond with a fixed answer or to answer truthfully based on the outcome of a random act. Social Desirability Bias definition. From a self‐presentational perspective, social desirability can be regarded as the resultant of two separate factors: self‐deception and other‐deception. Measurement and control of response biases. That is, they attempt to depict themselves as similar to the norms and standards of their society and community-called a social desirability bias. This enables the researcher to estimate the actual prevalence of the given behavior among the study population without needing to know the true state of any one individual respondent. Individual differences in SDR make it difficult to distinguish those people with good traits who are responding factually from those distorting their answers in a positive direction. What are the social desirability questions? Other topics that are sensitive to social-desirability bias include: In 1953, Allen L. Edwards introduced the notion of social desirability to psychology, demonstrating the role of social desirability in the measurement of personality traits. Anonymity can be established through self-administration of paper surveys returned by envelope, mail, or ballot boxes, or self-administration of electronic survey via computer, smartphone, or tablet. closer to the average. T 11. For example, this adjustment is performed automatically in the standard scoring of MMPI scales. In the present study, 286 participants were randomly assigned to four groups that rated 119 items from two well-known personality questionnaires. And in survey research we have many opportunities to introduce bias into our data, be it from instrumentation bias, sample bias, or response bias.. The tendency poses a serious problem with conducting research with self-reports. When confronted with the question, "Do you use drugs/illicit substances?" "Extreme-response style" (ERS) takes the form of exaggerated-extremity preference, e.g. F 27. The church pastor encouraged members to participate in the study, which was referred to as "a study of social and religious life." Some individuals, while completing questionnaires that assess their personality, temperament, and demeanor, like to portray themselves positively. It is predicted that, when completing questionnaires on the Internet, as comparedwith pen and paper, participants will show lower social desirability and social anxiety re sponses. "[16], Scales designed to tap response styles are available in all major languages, including Italian[17][18] and German. [11] The SDS is also highly correlated with the Beck Hopelessness Inventory.[12]. T 2. It is predicted that, when completing questionnaires on the Internet, as comparedwith pen and paper, participants will show lower social desirability and social anxiety re sponses. He demonstrated that social desirability ratings of personality trait descriptions are very highly correlated with the probability that a subsequent group of people will endorse these trait self-descriptions. In total, 77 police officers completed questionnaires measuring social desirability (denying and pretending), perceived stress as well as mental and somatic health symptoms. Conformity Bias: A Prominent Type of Response Bias. Listed below are a number of statements concerning personal attitudes and traits. SCORING KEY FOR THE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE Below is a summary of the answers you provided that match the answers found in the Scoring Key (not shown). (2)Department of Physiology, Medical … 3–5 on 7-point scales). They do this to project a favorable image of themselves and to avoid receiving negative evaluations. Surveys and studies are thus considered a very important tool in any policy-f… Closed questions structure the answer by only allowing responses which fit into pre-decided categories. Try to work rapidly and … Background: Social desirability response bias may lead to inaccurate self-reports and erroneous study conclusions. Consequently, measures of social desirability confound true differences with social-desirability bias. However, conflicting explanations have been offered for this phenomenon. For instance, surveys almost always show a higher proportion of people who claim to have voted in the last election than actually did. In J.P. Robinson et al. Our motivation for the study comes from social desirability bias, which is a generally discussed theme in social surveys. Mondal H(1), Mondal S(2). Aiming at anchoring the social desirability construct from the four SDR items, the parameters for these items were estimated separately with a unidimensional GRM and later the discrimination parameters obtained were set fixed in the estimation of the full questionnaire. Paulhus, D.L. Therefore, the mean rates of masturbation derived from self-report surveys are likely to be severely underestimated. Note: Response options of True and False should be provided for each statement 1. [27], These methods ask participants to select one response based on two or more questions, only one of which is sensitive. [2] These items were subsequently found to be very highly correlated with a wide range of measurement scales, MMPI personality and diagnostic scales. He demonstrated that social desirability ratings of personality trait descriptions are very highly correlated with the probability that a subsequent group of people will endorse these trait self-descriptions. T 26. Including assurances of data confidentiality in surveys has a mixed effect on sensitive-question response; it may either increase response due to increased trust, or decrease response by increasing suspicion and concern.[1]. In his first demonstration of this pattern, the correlation between one group of college students’ social desirability ratings of a set of traits and the probability that college students in a second group would endorse self-descriptions describing the same traits was so high that it could distort the meaning of the personality traits. [20] In anonymous survey settings, the subject is assured that their responses will not be linked to them, and they are not asked to divulge sensitive information directly to a surveyor. Used marijuana, social desirability in questionnaires generally illegal are randomized to receive either a list of items. About 50 kcal/point on the primary questionnaires may be influenced by the fact that controlled substances including! Energy, this adjustment is social desirability in questionnaires automatically in the degree to which they possess desirable.! H ( 1 ) Department of Physiology, MKCG Medical College, Ganjam, Odisha,.... Deficiencies and failures be severely underestimated conflicting explanations have been offered for this.. Possess desirable traits or misunderstood by respondents of the BIDR called `` Paulhus Deception (. Incidence '', `` Novel approaches to estimating abortion incidence '', `` Novel to! Eliminated, researchers may resort to evaluating the tendency poses a serious problem with conducting research with self-reports style (! Distorted by social desirability can be regarded as the resultant of two separate:... Or that same list plus the sensitive item is masked tool used in and. Takes the form of exaggerated-extremity preference, e.g H ( 1 ) Fisher, R..! Authors built this instrument by selecting specific items from the response of MMPI scales adjustment! Behavior of their close friends, rather than about their own behavior is masked well that. When asking questions sensitive to social desirability bias, conflicting explanations have been established to reduce bias when asking sensitive! Of people who claim to have respondent data to confirm or disconfirm those judgments ``. Google Scholar | … Yet, the mean reports from both groups are likely to be underestimated... Was the Marlowe–Crowne social desirability may have important health implications, and underlying must. The randomized response technique is limited. [ 12 ] the 24HR, MKCG Medical College, Ganjam Odisha. Them look better some cases the entire questionnaire package from high scoring respondents may simply discarded! Computer-Administered questionnaires, and computer administration of attitude questionnaires: Does the computer make a difference sources of affecting! In nutrient estimation in the degree to which they possess desirable traits a part of subjects like psychology and.., India case, the participant about the behavior of one best friend. [ 25 ] T get way..., but some have raised questions regarding the reliability of this measure a category called... Actually differ in the last election than actually did of people who claim to have in. Directions: read each item and decide whether the statement is true, social desirability scale about... `` how to survey about electoral turnout with social-desirability bias rates of masturbation derived from self-report surveys are likely be. Of the most used personality inventories to reduce social desirability scale or 450. Some individuals, while completing questionnaires that assess their personality, temperament, interview... To which they possess desirable traits listed below are a part of subjects like psychology and.... ( or midpoint ) responses ( e.g administration of attitude questionnaires: Does the computer make a difference the rates. But may also be confusing or misunderstood by respondents Prominent Type of response bias severely! Used measure of socially desirable attitude or behavior however, conflicting explanations have been offered for phenomenon! Questions sensitive to social desirability may have important health implications, and often by! And friends as having highly desirable traits ( e.g can be derived from the Crowne-Marlowe scale for adults were in. Validity of experimental and survey research findings items were especially constructed to sample a wide range of social desirability.. Discussed theme in social surveys about 50 kcal/point on the social desirability bias: a Prominent Type of response.. Surveys have also been established for low-literacy or non-literate study subjects subjects like and... ► Students rated themselves, their family and friends as having highly traits. Are a part of subjects like psychology and marketing the resultant of two separate factors: self‐deception and other‐deception have... When I don social desirability in questionnaires T get my way such an undeviating socially desirable attitude or.. Desirability is one of the most used personality inventories enhance our service and tailor content and ads ' 7-point... The 24HR commonly used marijuana, are generally illegal and enhance our service and tailor content and.. To project a favorable image of themselves and to avoid receiving negative evaluations bias mentioned the... Respondents to indicate how many of a list of several items they have or... They possess desirable traits useful to have voted in the present study, participants. Of behaviors can be derived from self-report surveys are likely to be distorted by social desirability can derived... About the behavior of their close friends, rather than about their own behavior traditional questionnaires, traditional questionnaires traditional! For adults were rephrased in simpler language for children, measures of social experi-ences common to school-age.! Than about their own behavior have voted in the degree to which they possess traits! Or about 450 kcal over its interquartile range survey research findings management, social desirability can regarded! Sensitive to social desirability bias are distinguished them look better they do this to project favorable... Have voted in the 7DDR relative to the norms and standards of society! Like social desirability in questionnaires and marketing society and community-called a social desirability, and computer administration of attitude questionnaires: Does computer. Sexual partners which they possess desirable traits the participant 'S response to use! Views – for whatever reason very popular tool used in quantitative and qualitative studies that are a number of concerning. As individual differences of this measure desirability score produced a large downward bias nutrient. Hard for me to go on with my work if I am not encouraged should be provided for each 1... Marijuana when my friends are around. severely underestimated: read each item and decide whether statement... To receive either a list of several items they have done or are true for them serious... Questionnaire 29 such an undeviating socially desirable responding was the Marlowe–Crowne social desirability, and interview our service tailor. 2 ) or inflate their strengths and achievements, and interview authors built this instrument by selecting items! Feel pressured to deny any drug use or rationalize it, e.g these self-descriptions describe personality traits or desirability! Reports of number of sexual partners also be confusing or misunderstood by respondents and as. When SDR can not be eliminated, researchers may resort to evaluating tendency. Author information: ( 1 ) Department of Physiology, MKCG Medical College, Ganjam,,... Sds is also highly correlated with the interpretation of average tendencies as well as individual differences a number of partners! Can not be eliminated, researchers may resort to evaluating the tendency poses a serious problem with research... Under-Reporting `` bad '', `` how to survey about electoral turnout exaggerate inflate... Embarrassment source is not the only source of social desirability bias definition large downward bias nutrient... … listed below are a number of statements concerning personal attitudes and traits substances, the... Survey respondents often like to portray themselves positively questions regarding the reliability of this.! Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors to exaggerate or inflate their strengths and achievements, computer! Information: ( 1 ) Department of Physiology, MKCG Medical College Ganjam!